Should there be a limit to what scientists can discover and create when it relates to the wealfare of humanity

Introduction When industrial revolution started in England in the period between 18th and 19th century, the aim was to make work easier and increase the agricultural output, the main economic activity by then. However, as time progressed more and more technology was invented which was both beneficial and harmful to the human race. For example, in the late 19thand early 20th century man was able to make cars and airplanes which reduced the amount of time spent moving from one point to another.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Should there be a limit to what scientists can discover and create when it relates to the wealfare of humanity? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the contrary, advances in science and technology have been detrimental to human existence because weapons of mass destruction have been made. For instance, during the World War II, the United States of America war plane dropped two atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. The effects of these atomic bombs are still there even today; the children are born having deformities in their body (Rotblat par 3) Knowledge and awareness On one hand, there should be no limit on what scientists discover because some of the discoveries are meant for the well being of man. Researchers in physical and biological sciences have enhanced our knowledge in these fields. For instance, we have been able to understand the nature of life we are living. For example, the scientists are warning people of the effects of global warming which has been brought about by the destruction of the Ozone layer and hence campaigns to help stop air pollution. Transport and Communication In the field of information technology, scientists have discovered numerous ways of communication. They have managed to break boundaries literally as well as distances. Previously people had to rely on face to face communication but with the advances in technology. One can co mmunicate with other people who are miles away from them. This is possible through the use of cell phones, social sites like facebook, twitter, and badoo as well as emails. In addition the movement of people and cargo around the world has been improved and safety enhanced due to advances in technology. Improved medical care In the field of medicine, scientists have managed to come up with new ways of dealing with diseases. Doctors have managed to operate patients with complicated illnesses because machines to handle such cases have been made hence saving many lives that could have otherwise been lost. However, scientists should be limited on their discovery if human beings are affected negatively by them. Advertising Looking for essay on natural sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Insecurity and lack of prioritization For instance, the manufacture of arms has led to proliferation of small arms which have resulted to inse curity in many countries. Many governments have abandoned projects of great benefit to the people by allocating huge amounts of money for the purchase of arms. This has resulted to slow economic growth. Furthermore advancement in information, communication and technology has reduced privacy. Through computer hacking people are able to access other people account without the owner’s knowledge hence undermining ones privacy. Cloning In addition, scientist should be limited on what they discover because some of these discoveries might not be morally and socially accepted. For instance, their attempts to clone human beings may lead to break down of institutions like marriage; this is because women are in a position to have children without men factor (Rotter p 45). Harmful radiations Nuclear technology as a source of energy is very useful to human beings but when natural catastrophes strike, like in Japan today, it posses a great danger to all the people living in that area due t o radiations emitted (Anthrop p.39). Conclusion In regard to the above sentiments, scientists should be free to explore all avenues available to make the life of mankind better. However, those discoveries which might be of grave danger to people should be vetted so that it is only appropriate technology that is availed to the general public. Governments should regulate these technologies by first involving all the relevant stakeholders to look in any side effects that they may pose especially to the environment and the people. Having done that then, the discovered technology stands to be accepted or rejected and hence improved in its areas of weaknesses. Works Cited Anthrop, Donald. Science and Public Affairs Bulletin of the Atomic Science: Education  Foundation of Nuclear Science. New York: Oxford University Press, 1970.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Should there be a limit to what scientists can discover and create when it relates to the wealfare of huma nity? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Rotblat, Joseph (Sir). Nobel prize.org: Science and Humanity in the 21st Century, 1999. Web. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1995/rotblat/article/ Rotter, Andrew. Hiroshima; the world’s bomb. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. This essay on Should there be a limit to what scientists can discover and create when it relates to the wealfare of humanity? was written and submitted by user Elisha Foster to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Journal Article Review for Business Marketing Research Paper Example

Journal Article Review for Business Marketing Research Paper Example Journal Article Review for Business Marketing Paper Journal Article Review for Business Marketing Paper Therefore the advertising dollars involved have increased as the NFG has been able to attract ewers of teams not participating in the game. The research used Trail and Sesames (2001) Motivation Scale for Sport Consumption (MASC.) to Judge motives of spectators to watch when their team was not playing. The MASC. method concluded that participants In the study viewed drama, skill, and social as the key factors In deciding If they will watch a game/event when their favorite team is not participating. Analysis: The articles conclusions identify drama, skill, and social as the most important factors In attracting premiership of non-affiliated fans of the teams participating. This Influences the relationship between sports leagues/teams, television networks, and advertisers. Looking at It from the perspective of a professional league,team, these 3 factors are important as they would like to create a fan base thats independent of what team is playing and follows the league in general. The NAB has accomplished this by marketing around the skill level of their players. Through external analysis of their customer base, they are able to identify their customers needs and wants. Over the last 30 years, the NAB has been able to market their superstars to attract outwork TV deals and advertisers, For example, In the sasss the NAB revolved around Magic Johnson and Larry Bird. In the late asss and through the offs, the league shifted to Michael Jordan as their center piece and enjoyed the most success theyve ever had. In the early part of the asss, there was a lack of compelling super stars and the league suffered in popularity. Additionally the overall behavior of marquee players was a problem which labeled the league as full of thugs and criminals. This can be perceived as a weakness In the NAB marketing strategy as Its dependent on the character of their super stars. Recently though, the NAB has been revived with an influx of young, talented, well behaved good guys led by Lebanon James, Deanne Wade, Carmela Anthony, and many others. The most successful example of sports marketing to customer needs is the NFG. As the article stated it is the bench mark for sports marketing. Even more than the NAB, they have been able to appeal to consumers, and by extension advertisers, by offering an unmatched dramatic, skillful, and social experience. Top NFG players such as Peyote Manning are announces names. But Deanna n t ten NFG NAS created a social atmosphere round the game such that everyone, regardless of whos playing, is looking forward to their annual super bowl party. The business to business implications are greater for the NFG than any other league, and this is exemplified in the insane cost for a 30 second ad spot during the super bowl. The authors of this article use complex mathematical models to conclude what many consumers feel; without DORM, consumers have a reasonable willingness to pay (WET) a price that would allow all parties involved to be profitable. Therefore DORM may have a negative impact on their bottom line as many music pirates prefer legal content without restrictions. Article Review 3 Padlocking: International Journal AT Automotive electronic Ana Management little Dealer-carmaker relationship: the theories of the duality of trust and of power- dependence Authors: Nadia, Canonical Link: http://tiny. C/Dyads This article discusses the relationships between an automotive manufacturer and its independent distribution network, namely car dealers. A large portion of the vehicle manufacturing cost is taken on by the dealers, so a strong working business relationship is required between the MOM and the dealer as they are the main distributed of vehicles. The author concludes that the essential positive fa ctors in retreating this relationship are trust and fairness between the auto maker and the dealer. While the MOM/dealer relationship is most negatively affected by power and conflict. Trust fairness in the relationship will enhance collaboration with the dealers, allowing the MOM to implement new policies which require national or global compliance from their dealer network. Finally, the author concludes that to create a atmosphere of cooperation from their dealer network, investment in non-coercive and fair policy is a must. This article highlights how dependent automotive Memos are on their dealer striation network. For car makers their dealer network may be more important than for other Memos of consumer products as consumer products have many retail outlets to distribute their product. The relationship model outlined in the article suggests that trust and fairness are keys to bringing the dealer on board. Dictating policy by request and recommendation is much more likely to get results than through threats and legal action. While this study was done in the Italian marketplace, this hypothesis is being proved out in the current trouble TOYOTA is having with their safety and quality robbers. Of course there are many other factors involved as this is a hugely complex situation, but TOYOTA dealers are standing behind the company and they are able to coordinate a large recall efficiently (considering the circumstances and bad PR). This type of dealer commitment is bred by trust and fairness that TOYOTA employs when interacting with their dealer network. Additionally to trust and fairness, the influence of power completes the carmaker-dealer relationship. An authoritative stance is necessary and useful at times to gain compliance from dealers. Making sure the dealer understands that the auto brand (thus the MOM) is the biggest factor in selling vehicles, creates a dependency of the dealer on the MOM. My personal experience working at 2 large auto-suppliers over the past 10 years, I can confirm that many Memos apply a similar type of trust, fairness, and power relationship towards their suppliers. This fits into the competitive analysis model as the Memos have identified that they have an upper hand with the dealers (and in my case, supplier), but also clearly understand that a fair approach based on trust is in everyones best interests.

Impacts of Globalization on French Culture Research Paper

Impacts of Globalization on French Culture - Research Paper Example The paper will establish the effects of globalization on a region with emphasis on West African region. Finally, the paper will focus on the effects of globalization on international immigrants. Impacts of globalization on French culture French culture is commonly regarded as the culture of people who live in the modern day France. However, the French culture or French influence is not only constrained to Europe since France is an influential country. The French culture is practiced in other parts of the world that have had a close relationship with modern day France or the French community. This includes former French colonies found in Africa and other parts of the world. French culture is also practices in various parts of North America in countries such as the US and Canada. This resulted from high scale immigration of French citizens into the new world. In Africa, countries such as the Democratic Republic of Congo and Central Africa live and practice the French culture. The assim ilation aspect in the French colonization is the main factor that contributed to the establishments of French culture in African societies. The French culture is among the strongest cultures in Europe. In addition, French culture is also among the few European cultures that have existed or survived the influence and alienation of cultures. The French language is considered as the basic pillar of the French culture. The French language is also viewed as a factor that unites all people who are affiliated to the French culture. The importance of language to French culture indicates that any significant effect on the society is first pronounced through its language (Carrithers 19). This also indicates that any significant effect of globalization on French culture would first be pronounced through the French language before being effective on other aspects of the French society. Globalization results in increased connectivity and interdependence among global societies. The first result o f globalization is the spread of French language across global societies that were initially not among countries that practice French culture. French plays a major role in global economy and it is recognized world wide as a global business leader. The position of France in the global market and the existence of different global institutions in French territories have necessitated the use of the language. Currently the French language is the second most spoken language in the world. The French language holds the second position in popularity after the English language. French influence on global economy is the main factor that has contributed to the popularity of the French language. Currently French language has become a part of most school curriculum with most educational institutions teaching the language as a subject. France is also a major player in the entertainment industry.  

Iraq and Kuwait relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Iraq and Kuwait relations - Essay Example Will Iraq open negotiations?  Will Iraq open negotiations?  The negotiation platform will only be opened by Iraq if there will be any war that may materialize.For now, I don’t see any war emerging.With the good leadership of Iraq, if there need be, negotiations can be open by Iraq.Question to be answered about the specific research question. According to my specific research questions, the type of study is predictive.b. The dependent variable is Iraq open negotiations with Kuwait. No.d. The case study to be investigated is the relationship between Iraq and Kuwait. It should be given the in-depth study to see whether there can be any conflict.e. Yes. Some of the obvious answers are; Iraq will open negotiations due to the good political will and leadership. Its obvious answer because Iraq has got new leadership now which is willing to negotiate.f. NoIt is my concern that Iraq still needs oil for economic superiority and Kuwait has got this oil.So there may need to invade Kuw ait by Iraq to have this oil. This may happen if the Kuwaiti government may be refused to settle the debt they have. What interest me in this research topic is that the human lives are at stake and the conflict should be avoided at all courses.  According to Beverley Milton-Edwards and Peter Hinchcliffe, political figures, particularly in the White House, understood well that â€Å"given the powerful influence of the Zionist (pro-Israel) lobby in US internal politics, it would be a bold or rash administration that took any action that might stimulate its ire.  Ã‚  

Supply chain management of Nestle

Supply chain management of Nestle Supply chain management has gaining its importance in serving business operations and being part of strategic management of the business. Its role has been shifted from being a support department to being the core department of business with strategic importance and role to play in overall operations of the business. In modern business world no organization can sustain without having a well established, effective and efficient supply chain management. The role of vendors along with vendor management with the introduction of information technology is important consideration for organizations. Now with increase of strategic importance of supply chain management the service provider is now becoming a partner to the organization, rather being just the vendor. The factor influencing competitive advantage of the organization is now having the better vendor management and vendor relations in the list. Therefore in coming years the importance of supply chain management is expected to increase with the increase in competition and globalization. To understand the strategic supply chain management, key concepts and use of information technology to maintain the vendor relationships, this report in presented on one of the leading FMCG company Nestle. Their products range is wide and the concentration of this report is on organizations Pakistan operations. Since Pakistan is the part of their global supply chain operations but for their milk products they have to rely on the local milk suppliers who are not very much educated and well equipped. Therefore managing them is a challenge for the organization and same challenge and its handling is under study in this report. There are some recommendations also given at the end so that improvements can be made in local supply chain. Assignment 2a 2ai) Current Supply Chain Strategies in Nestle In these lines I shall be looking at the supply chain management of Nestle Pakistans operation and would not be discussing the global supply chain management of the organization. The organization has remarkable production facilities in the country and they have also enjoyed the healthy market share for last few decades. One of the reasons of the success of the organization is their vendor management and the intelligent distribution system. The market in Pakistan is mostly dependent upon the distribution network and same has been managed by the organization in recent years by having excellent relationship with their channel members and logistics. Their distribution network makes sure that every product is distributed in the required areas at the required time and the demand and supply does not have any gap. Their distribution setup is synced with their production system therefore they do not have to manage the inventory of the product for the longer period of time. This strategy has saved the organization on financial side moreover they have been able to provide the product to the market at demand (Hugos, 2006). The second side of their supply chain management is their vendor management, they have applied the just in time management concept in their raw material procurement and vendors are very well synced with the procurement and procurement is synced with the production and other support departments. This just in time management has also saved the organization the inventory management cost of the raw material and they are able to maintain a very low level of the inventory. Their vendor are also required to make sure that their raw material reaches to the organization on time (Hugos, 2006). 2aii) Use of IT to Maintain Vendor Relationships The information technology is serving organization to manage their business operations in different ways; the same concept can also be applied to manage vendor relationships with Nestle Pakistans operations. The organization can design a procurement network that is integrated with the various departments of the organization. And the procurement department can have information technology based application that are also integrated with the systems of the vendors and are automated. By using this system organization have the concept of just in time management applied in full spirit and the vendors will also be aware of the production schedules of the organization and they will be able to plan their delivery and their own production planning according (Hugos, 2006). The above mentioned scenario will make it easy and convenient for the vendors to do business with the organization and they will have better relationships with the organization and will continue to do business with them. With having these relationships with the organization they will be able to be partners of the company. Assignment 2b 2bi) Assistance of IT in Supply Chain The use of information technology can assist a great deal in the management of supply chain in case of Nestle Pakistan operations. In the global supply chain nestle is making use of supply chain management tools that are support by latest technology available. These tools are able to integrate different parts of the supply chain that includes the just in time management of raw materials, automation of order generation to vendors and the logistics of raw material from vendor to warehouse and the distribution of the finished goods to the different channels (Chopra and Meindl, 2009). Previously all the above mentioned parts of the supply chain were disintegrated or in some organization these parts were partially integrated. Now information technology has made is possible and easy to manage all these parts of the supply chain from one terminal and more over these parts and integrated with more automation. Example of this integration is simple, once the inventory level reaches to the pre defined minimum for the raw material at the production facility, then the order management system which is connected to the inventory management system, automatically generated order to the pre defined vendors. The order receiving systems of vendors are connected with the procurement systems of the organization (Chopra and Meindl, 2009). After the vendor is intimated, they manage to supply the required stuff and required quantity to organizations warehouse which is already intimated for the order delivery. All this process is done via an integrated system which is called ERP. The application of these information technology tools make the organization able to save their time and management resources and make the vendor the partners of the organization above all this usage of IT bring automation in the processes which is the requirement of production oriented organizations (Chopra and Meindl, 2009). 2bii) Effectiveness of IT in Management of Supply Chain in Nestle When we talk about the effectively using the information technology in the Pakistan market with local vendors that we see that our case company has been able to improve a lot in recent years. Since the market of Pakistan is still in developing phase and the modern management and information technology practices are yet to be adapted in this market. Since Nestle for their business require a team of vendors that are able to provide the timely supplies therefore they had to work hard to induct the modern practices in their supply chain in relation the market conditions (Cohen and Roussel, 2004). Apart from the current IT tools to help the organization gain the best out of their supply chain management, there is a function in which information technology and its use can play an important part in the management of business, and which is still to be explored. This area is related to the supply chain management of their milk products. For their milk brand which is called MILK PAK they need to collect he milk from far and village areas of the market as the milk production is mostly done in the rural areas of Pakistan. Their milk collection process is done on daily basis and it is still on manual basis. There can be use of information technology by using this they can maintain the data base of their milk vendors which are small, geographically distributed and dispersed in locations. Moreover they can also use information technology to locate their collection van using global positioning systems and install trekkers in them so that they can make sure the safety of the milk and the vans . Assignment 2c 2ci) Role of Logistics in Supply Chain Logistics has an important role to play in the overall supply chain management of any organization. Logistics are the activities that are designed to keep the good or services moving from one destination to the other destination. This movement of goods or services can be related to the raw material need for production setup, and its movement would be from vendor premises to the organizational premises and this movement can also be related to movement of finished good from organizational production facility to the channel member facility. In overall management of supply chain the logistics part has its own importance. Since the production oriented business is all about timing. If the raw material is not available to the production facility then the whole production cycle will get disturbed and similarly if the finished good are not reached to the channel members then they will not be able to distribute it on time and the result will be the complete failure of the business plan (Cohen and Roussel, 2004). Consideration for any organization would be to have the logistics setup planned and implemented that is consuming less cost of operations more over which is integrated with the supply and demand channels of the organization. Ability to design such logistics setup helps the organization to achieve their supply chain objectives with putting minimum cost to it. The success of any supply chain management is dependent upon the design of logistics, the smarter the design which is able to serve maximum in minimum cost the better the performance of supply chain roles will be. Focus of our case organization is to design the global logistics channel that is able to satisfy the global business needs in minimum costs. And they have been able to handle this challenge smartly (Cohen and Roussel, 2004). 2cii) Evaluation of Procurement Practices in Nestle Procurement practices in Nestle global as well as Nestle Pakistan are streamlined and working on the smarter management concepts. It would not be wrong to say that one of the success factors for their profitability in the Pakistan is their vendor relations and smart procurement. Nestle Pakistan has to procure different good and services from different kinds of vendor for their operations; these good ranges from the raw material for their finished good as well as the supplies for the support departments like marketing. The overall philosophy of Nestle Pakistan procurement is to focus on quality as well as business efficiency (Hugos, 2006). When we talk about the milk product of the case company then we see that the procurement of the milk from different villagers that are spread across Pakistan is a challenge and the organization has been able to cater to this challenge very well. The important factor in the procurement of the raw milk is to make sure that milk is pure, hygienic and fresh. These things are made sure by designing a well established vendor network that is responsible for the procurement of fresh milk upon the above mentioned properties (Hugos, 2006). Their procurement department has select the reliable and quality vendors that includes small to medium sized diaries that provides the quality milk to the company. Their procurement department also makes sure that the milk is fresh, hygienic and above the standards defined by the organization. Their logistics have made sure that the fresh milk reaches to the production facility on daily basis. The same care and quality consciousness have been practiced in other procurement tasks, and in short we can say that procurement processes at the organization are of high standards (Hugos, 2006). 2ciii) Factors for Improvement in Logistics Procurement There are several factors that are to be considered when organizations go for reviewing and improving their logistics and procurement. The first factor that is to be taken care of is the bargaining power of the suppliers. The higher the bargaining power of supplier the higher will be the requirement for the organization to maintain and build good relationships with their suppliers. In industries where such power is with suppliers organizations have to design their procurement process which is supplier friendly and encourages the organizations to have good friendly relationships with their vendor, focusing on making them their partners in business and getting the competitive edge out of it (Chopra and Meindl, 2009). The second factor which is to be taken into consideration is the cost factor, the procurement and logistics can be costly to the organization if not designed creatively. The logistic are costly when their inbound and outbound management is not done the way to maximize the productivity. Therefore when organization design the procurement and logistics process they should keep in mind the cost of procuring the goods and service along with the distribution cost of the good should be minimum. These costs include the time and resources costs as well. Another important consideration is related to the integration of procurement and logistics with rest of the business operation. Organization when improving these processes should also make it sure that the maximum integration is possible with other departments like production. They should be working on the automation of the processes that should be managed by single hub. This way the costs of operations will be minimum and automation and integration of all the operations will save time and increase efficiency in the business processes. They should also make sure that integration also include the vendors (Chopra and Meindl, 2009). Assignment 2d 2di) Strategy for the Improvement of Supply Chain Presented below is the brief overview about the strategy that can be used to improve the supply chain management of the organization. The focus of the strategy to improve the supply chain management of Nestle Pakistans operations. While reviewing this strategy it should be kept in mind that Pakistan is developing country and their vendor management and logistics operations are being run on old school management. The mentioned below point are focusing on vendor management and to increase the use of information technology to bring overall improvement (Chopra and Meindl, 2009). First of all the organization should work on the vendor relationship management, up till now the balance of power was with the organizations in Pakistani market, but with the introduction of global economy and open market more players are entering into Pakistan and now the importance of vendors is increasing. Keeping this view in mind the Nestle should be working on increasing the organization and vendor integration and they should be made partners in business. This can be done via having automation and integration with vendor systems and simply keeping them motivated to be partners with the organization (Chopra and Meindl, 2009). The second improvement which is required is to start the use of information technology in their supply chain management processed. Up till now the organization is using the information technology internally but they have to move out and make their vendor also use this tool. One can argue that currently vendors are not that advance in using technologies but I would say that organization would have to educate their vendors and make them part of their organizational process, this way they will be able to achieve the true partnership with their suppliers and the operations of supply chain will improve a great deal (Chopra and Meindl, 2009). 2dii) Benefits of Improvement to Business Operations The improvements suggested above have different benefits to the organizational business operations, these benefits ranges from operation to strategic benefits. The first benefit that organization will have is that they will have a strategic competitive advantage by partnering with the suppliers of the raw material of their products. The business era is changing the market and now other players are also entering into the same market, now the competitive advantage will be with the organizations which have strategic partnership with their suppliers as well. The increases in competition have also made the suppliers aware of their important role and they are also feeling the shifting balance of power. So it will be advisable to make the partnership before others do (Hugos, 2006). The second improvement is related to the use of information technology in supply chain management and it has many benefits for the organization. First of all the organization will be able to achieve the integration between different departments playing their part in value chain. Once this is done it will save time and financial resources to the organization as the processes will be streamlined and efficiency will increase. The second benefit of the IT usage will be that vendors and suppliers can also be made part of the organizational processes and with that supply chain overall and procurement processes in specific will be improved. This will again help the organization to get business efficiency (Hugos, 2006). The third benefit is related to distribution part of supply chain, organization will, with the usage of information technology, have the most streamlined distribution network when they have partnered with their channel members, and this will also help in the improvement of business. 2diii) Overcoming the Barriers to Change in Improvement Strategy Whenever there is a strategic change barriers are always there. These barriers are to be removed with the creation of understanding and delegation. The first process is to make the management understand that what are the benefits of the new strategy advised for the strategic change in supply change management. More over the management will also be informed about the challenges it has to face if they do not adapt the required changes in the market. The top management in the first phase will be made part of the process and strategic importance of the change will be introduced to them. In the second phase where the top management will already be convinced about the required change, the middle management will be taken into confidence, at this stage the vendors will also be made part of the process so that they are aware of their role in the organization. This stage will also be comprising the rough drafts of the change. In this process all the vendors and relevant departs will be encouraged to give their feedback about the suggested changes moreover their suggestion will also be noted for any improvement. All this discussion and delegation will create the sense of ownership in management and their feedback will make them realize that this is something for their own benefit and they will start owing it. Once the ownership is there, the barriers to change will start reducing it and fear of unknown will be removed. With this process the implementation of the strategic change will be made successful and finally the concerned departments will also be provided with the required training. Conclusion In this report I have discusses various kinds of supply chain strategies and use of information technology to improve the supply chain. The organization selected for the analysis was Nestle Pakistan, and their supply chain strategies were discussed briefly. The organization is having impressive supply chain management however they need to concentrate on two dimensions. One solution being the concentration on making the vendors partners of the organization. Second solution being increasing the use of information technology tools to manage their vendor relationships.

Digital Artists Essay -- Argumentative Papers Art Essays

Digital Artists When we think of artists, we think of paint on canvas, or clay masterpieces, or beautiful, timeless drawings, but what do you think when you hear digital artists? The acceptance of digital art into the mainstream art community is a controversy that is slowly becoming history. The controversy is essentially that many people believe that the art is created by the computer, and not by the artist. Numerous art exhibits and shows do not allow digital art in just for that reason. This is a lack of understanding of how the art is created, because images can not be created unless there is a creator with an idea and that person has gone through the creative process just like a normal artist. When it comes to the history if digital art, it also is a controversy because many say that it has no history. This again can not be true because there were pioneers in the field of digital art just like main stream traditional art. Digital art from the beginning was rooted in military defense systems, and was its research centers were funded by the federal government. It is debated so much because the history dates back to only 1956. This is the date is given to the start of Computer Art. This is the decade where the first imaged processed photos and art animation. The first computer art competition was held in 1963 by the US journal Computers and Automation. Also in 1963 was the first computer generated film by Edward Zajec. From then on more and more competitions and exhibits sprung up from all over the world. Many organizations emerged such as EAT or Experiments in Art and Technology (1967), SIGGRAPH (Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics), The Computer Arts Soc iety, and CTG or Computer Techniqu... ...gital technology so that they can understand and fairly judge the great works of digital art. Works Cited ArtandCulture.com. 1999. Digital Art. 10 October 2003. DAM.org. Digital Art Museum- Technology Timeline. 20 October 2003. EZBoard.com. Acceptance of Digital Art in Exhibitions. 20 October 2003. Jesdanun, Anick. â€Å"Digital Art Gaining Acceptance.† South Bend Tribune. 10 December 2001. South Bend Tribune 2001. 20 October 2003. Scates, Brian. â€Å"Please Accept Me As Art.† Spark Online.com 2002. 12 October 2003.

In His Tragedies Shakespeare Often Presents Women Merely as the Tragic Victims of Men Essay

‘In His Tragedies Shakespeare Often Presents Women Merely as the Tragic Victims of Men.’ To What Extent Do You Consider This Applies to Desdemona ‘In Othello’? â€Å"There are no Antigones in Elizabethan Drama,† Lyndsey Turner. Turner is here expressing the view that Shakespeare does not use his women as heroines. Instead she is of the opinion that they are used as devices on which the â€Å"tragic impulses of the plays’ male characters are enacted.† They are a device to produce a cathartic response from Shakespeare’s audience. In order to discuss to what extent Desdemona complies with this view, it would appear logical to define a tragic victim. Many say that a tragic victim is a character in a tragedy who suffers at the hand of circumstance and the fates. They suffer through no fault of their own and are brought down by others, they are totally powerless to change their fate and don’t contribute to their own tragedy; they are solely the victims of others. It is also vital that they produce a cathartic response from the audience in order for their suffering to be tragic. Looking at these criteria it becomes clear why Shakespeare often uses women as his tragic victims. In the time Shakespeare was writing women had very little influence on their destiny having to submit either to their father or husband. They were the objects of men. When Iago warns Brabantio of his daughter’s escape he says â€Å"Look to your house, your daughter and your bags.† This shows of how little importance women were, being so powerless they would then be a natural choice for tragic victims, powerless to avoid their fate because of their weakness in society. However, when Desdemona is first presented to us she does not seem anything like a stereotypical woman of the time. Her character is presented as much stronger than that. Her father has not tried to force her into marriage even telling Roderigo that, â€Å"My daughter is not for thee,† even though it is clear that Roderigo is a rich man. At the end of Act one he goes to, â€Å"sell all his land,† in order to pursue Desdemona. As Brabantio is not therefore being in any way a tyrant to his daughter; her ability to escape from the house and deceive him shocks us and surely would have shocked a contemporary audience even more. This woman is not the kind of person you would expect to become a victim. Before the audience have even seen her she is described as a woman of, â€Å"Beauty, wit and fortunes.† She has gone to Othello in the dead of night protected by a, â€Å"Knave of common hire, a gondolier.† This shows Desdemona’s bravery and strength. All of this increases her status with the audience and detracts from the image of a weak submissive woman. In Act 1 Scene 3 she defies what the Duke says, when he requests that she stay at her father’s house while Othello is in Cyprus saying that, â€Å"She did love the Moor to live with him.† For a woman to speak in front of a council of the most powerful people in Venice, not invited to do so, would be shocking to a contemporary audience and really show her strength of character. It is almost as though she is a feminine version of Othello, as Patsy Hall says, â€Å"She cannot be the man, but she can be the husband of the man.† She has shunned the â€Å"Wealthy curled darlings† of her nation unlike most women and instead chooses Othello. She doesn’t care about his age or race she â€Å"sees Othello’s visage in his mind.† The language Shakespeare gives her when talking of her wooing shows how deeply immersed in Othello’s world she is; she, â€Å"Falls in love with the battles† even her language is strong. â€Å"My downright violence and storm of fortunes,† She is presented as incredibly strong certainly not a figure of pity. It is seemingly no wonder that Othello calls her, â€Å"his fair warrior.† Although Desdemona is first portrayed as quite a heroic figure by Shakespeare he soon starts to use her as a cathartic device, as the audience watch her previous strength fall away. It becomes clear that Shakespeare made her so strong willed deliberately in order to shape our response to Desdemona. Doing this makes it that much more painful for the audience. A major episode wherein Desdemona is presented as an object of pity is in the handkerchief episode. Desdemona loses her handkerchief and Othello sees Cassio with it. Despite Othello’s growing suspicion, Desdemona remains ignorant claiming that, â€Å"The sun where he was born drew all such humours from him.† We feel tremendous pity for Desdemona when she says this because Shakespeare has shaped our response using structure and also the irony of her language. In the last scene we saw that Othello was seething with jealousy and vowed to kill her. This amplifies hugely our feeling of catharsis for her because we feel so helpless. Our pity for her is only added to when Shakespeare shapes events in the play so that all her qualities that were viewed as good in the first act of the play cause her to fall even further. However, she is still a victim because she is powerless to stop it; she is a victim of circumstance and ignorance that Iago has been planning her destruction. She continues to mention Cassio even when it is clear it is causing Othello irritance, she thinks that it is a â€Å"trick to put her from her suit.† The audience’s feeling of catharsis is amplified as we can do nothing while her language puts her fidelity in more doubt in Othello’s mind The time when we pity her most however is when Othello strikes her. Again she says precisely the wrong things, through no fault of her own but rather because her loving nature wishes to help Cassio, saying that, â€Å"She would do much for the love she bears to Cassio.† All the audience can do is sit and despair for her. When he hits her we think that maybe her strength will come back but she simply responds by saying that she, â€Å"Will not stay to offend Othello.† We despair because we know that if she submits to Othello she will die at his hands. This is yet more evidence of Desdemona’s good proving to be her downfall. Shakespeare shapes events very cleverly in the next section in order to get the largest cathartic reaction. For a moment it seems like we might see a glimpse of Desdemona’s fight. She claims, â€Å"She has no Lord.† The audience think for a moment she will be fine, however soon she is asking Iago, â€Å"What shall I do to win my Lord again.† The assertive Desdemona from the earlier scenes is gone and the audience despair for her. Even when Othello kills her she does not blame him. When asked who has killed her she says, â€Å"Nobody, I myself.† She dies a symbol of goodness and love, the way Shakespeare shapes her demise is unquestionably tragic. However, is she actually a victim? The audience on the most part at the time would say she is because she does not fall through a flaw in her character. However was she totally helpless and unable to change her fate? Patsy Hall argues that Othello and Desdemona have a, â€Å"Mutual ignorance of each other’s nature,† saying also that she is, â€Å"so selflessly devoted that she cannot acknowledge imperfection in her husband.† I would agree with this statement by Hall. The audience are constantly perplexed throughout the play as to why Othello will not listen to anyone but Iago. This could be perhaps a comment on how women have had to suffer under the patriarchal society in which Shakespeare’s original audience was living, perhaps through Desdemona he is trying to show the unfair nature of their society. But in many ways the same is true for Desdemona. Emilia tries to tell her that, â€Å"Jealous souls are not ever jealous for the cause, but jealous for they are jealous.† But even after this warning Desdemona takes no heed of anyone but Iago, therefore it could just perhaps be confirmation of Iago’s intelligence, this backs up Desdemona’s role as a victim as she is a victim of others. So in conclusion there is no doubt that Desdemona’s demise is very much tragic. Also having examined the criteria it would be accurate to say that in many ways Desdemona is a victim. She suffers through no fault of her own and is the victim of circumstance. However, I am not sure that one could say that she was totally powerless to stop her eventual fate. I would say that Desdemona was not a victim of Iago’s scheming or Othello’s jealousy as she could have stopped these. She was a victim of her own love for Othello. Therefore, I would say that the statement in the title applies to Desdemona so far as she was the tragic victim of her own love for a man.